If you are looking to get a cavalier king charles spaniel, or you just welcomed a new member to your family, this article is an important read for you!
In this article, I’ll explain why every cavalier owner should know about the health problems and I’ll list the breed-specific diseases that are common in cavalier king charles spaniels.
This post is not written as a scare tactic, this is a realistic overview of the health concerns cavalier king charles spaniels face around the world.
Importance of Understanding Health Concerns in Cavaliers
Regrettably, Cavalier King Charles Spaniels are susceptible to several genetic health issues. It’s critical for owners to familiarize themselves with these potential health concerns and understand the associated risks!
Certain inherited conditions such as mitral valve disease, syringomyelia, and hip dysplasia may not show detectable signs in their early stages.
By the time noticeable symptoms such as limping, excessive coughing or drinking, or distressing behaviors like frantic head-scratching accompanied by yelps, the disease may have already advanced significantly – a situation we aim to avoid!
Be the Best Cavalier Owner!
Being well-informed about the health concerns cavaliers face allows owners to provide the best care for their own dogs. It also leads to more productive conversations with veterinarians: equipped with the right knowledge, owners can ask pertinent questions and actively participate in their cavalier’s healthcare, ensuring a healthier life for their dog.
If you want to learn the root causes of WHY Cavalier King Charles Spaniels have such a long list of hereditary health problems, I’ve written a whole article explaining the reasons. Link below! ⬇
Disorders Detectable with DNA Testing
One thing that makes eradicating hereditary diseases in cavaliers so challenging is the fact that not all genetic disorders can be detected through DNA tests.
Some diseases are polygenic, meaning they are influenced by multiple genes rather than a single one. This makes it more difficult to predict and prevent them.
Here is a table chart of genetic disorders that can be detected with DNA testing to prevent affected dogs from being used in breeding programs, perpetuating the disease:
| Genetic Disorder | Definition and Overview | Causes and Risk Factors | Signs and Symptoms | Diagnosis and Treatment Options |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Episodic Falling Syndrome (EFS) | A neurological disorder causing episodes of muscle stiffness, abnormal gait, or temporary paralysis. | Genetic mutation of the brevican gene (BCAN). | Muscle stiffness, abnormal gait, falling, and temporary paralysis are often triggered by exercise, stress, or excitement. | Diagnosis through DNA testing. Treatment is symptomatic and may include medications like gabapentin to control episodes. |
| Curly Coat (CC) & Dry Eye Syndrome (DE) | A combination of two conditions – Keratoconjunctivitis Sicca (Dry Eye) leading to dry, itchy eyes, and Congenital Keratoconjunctivitis (Curly Coat) causing curly or wavy hair. | Genetic mutation of the FAM83H gene. | Dry, itchy eyes, recurrent eye infections, curly or wavy hair. | Diagnosis through DNA testing and eye examination. Treatment involves managing symptoms, including regular eye drops to lubricate the eyes and proper coat care. |
| Degenerative Myelopathy (DM) | A progressive disease of the spinal cord causes muscle weakness and coordination issues. | Mutation of the SOD1 (superoxide dismutase 1) enzyme. | Gradual muscle loss and weakness, starting in the hind limbs and progressing forward. Difficulty walking, wobbly gait. | Diagnosis through DNA testing and other veterinary examinations. No cure, but physical therapy and assistive devices can help maintain mobility. |
Please note that while this table provides an overview of each condition, it is not exhaustive.
Syringomyelia (SM)
Syringomyelia (SM) is a severe neurological condition where a fluid-filled cavity or cyst, called a syrinx, forms within the spinal cord’s central canal.
The growth of this syrinx can damage the spinal cord and cause a range of neurological symptoms.
Causes and Risk Factors
Syringomyelia is usually caused by the Chiari-like malformation, where the back part of the skull is too small or deformed, causing a disruption in cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) flow.
This can lead to fluid accumulation within the spinal cord and the formation of a syrinx.
Genetic factors play a significant role in the development of this condition, making cavaliers bred from affected parents more prone to developing SM!
Signs and Symptoms
Symptoms of SM can vary greatly but often include sensitivity around the neck area, pain, and neurological issues.
Dogs with SM might exhibit signs such as:
- scratching at the air near their neck (often referred to as ‘phantom scratching’)
- yelping and whining for no apparent reason
- weakness
- poor coordination
- paralysis in severe cases
Diagnosis and Treatment Options
Diagnosing SM is done through Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI).
This allows the vet to visualize the brain and spinal cord and detect the presence of a syrinx. (View the MRI picture above)
Treatment options depend on the severity of symptoms:
Pain can often be managed with medications. In some countries, veterinarians offer surgery to decompress the affected area as a treatment option.
While surgery can alleviate symptoms, it is not a cure, and syrinxes may reoccur. That’s why, unfortunately, severe cases often lead to untimely departure.
Chiari Malformation (CM)
Chiari-like malformation (CM) is a condition that affects the skull and brain, causing a mismatch in size. This results in a crowding effect at the back of the skull where the brain and spinal cord meet.
Here is one of my most popular articles, where I explain what Chiari malformation is and what brachycephaly has to do with it! ⬇
Primary Secretory Otitis Media (PSOM)
Primary Secretory Otitis Media (PSOM), also known as “glue ear,” is a condition that affects the middle ear. It’s characterized by the accumulation of a thick, glue-like substance in the middle ear cavity, leading to inflammation and discomfort.
Causes and Risk Factors
The exact cause of PSOM is unknown. It’s thought that abnormalities in the Eustachian tubes’ function, responsible for draining the middle ear, could contribute to the condition.
It has been also speculated that Chiari-like malformation could cause abnormalities in the Eustachian tubes, but more research needs to be done.
While PSOM can affect any breed, it’s most commonly seen in Cavalier King Charles Spaniels.
Signs and Symptoms
Symptoms of PSOM can vary but often include:
- discomfort or pain
- evidenced by pawing or scratching at the ears
- head shaking
- hearing loss
- neurological symptoms such as uncoordinated movements or a head tilt
These symptoms are very similar to syringomyelia. That’s why
Diagnosis and Treatment Options
Diagnosis typically involves an examination of the ear using an otoscope and may be confirmed by an MRI or CT scan.
Treatment generally requires flushing the middle ear under anesthesia to remove the accumulated substance.
In some cases, ongoing management may be needed to control the condition, including the use of corticosteroids or other medications to reduce inflammation.
Mitral Valve Disease (MVD)
Mitral Valve Disease (MVD) is the most common heart disease in dogs.
It involves the deterioration of the mitral valve, one of the four valves in the heart, which leads to a backward flow of blood in the heart called mitral regurgitation. MVD is extremely prevalent in cavalier king charles spaniels.
According to various studies, it’s estimated that nearly half of all cavaliers will have a heart murmur (an early sign of MVD) by the age of 5 years, and virtually all cavaliers will develop a murmur by the age of 10 years.
These statistics make MVD the most common health issue in this breed, and a significant concern for breeders and owners.
These facts also highlight the importance of regular veterinary check-ups for early detection and management of the disease.
Causes and Risk Factors
The exact cause of mitral valve disease is not known, but it is believed to be primarily a hereditary condition in Cavalier King Charles Spaniels.
Age is a significant risk factor, with most cavaliers developing a heart murmur, an early sign of MVD, by the age of 5 to 6 years.
Signs and Symptoms
Early stages of mitral valve disease may not show any outward signs.
As the disease progresses, signs may include:
- a heart murmur
- coughing
- excessive drinking
- weight loss
- reduced tolerance for exercise
- loss of appetite
- increased heart rate
- difficulty breathing
In advanced cases, it can lead to congestive heart failure.
Diagnosis and Treatment Options
Diagnosis is typically made through a combination of physical examination called auscultation (listening for a heart murmur), electrocardiogram (ECG), and echocardiography.
Treatment depends on the stage of the disease and may include medications to improve heart function, reduce fluid accumulation, and manage symptoms.
Regular veterinary check-ups are crucial for early detection and management of the disease!
Orthopedic Concerns in Cavaliers
Cavalier King Charles Spaniels, like many breeds, can experience orthopedic concerns.
The primary ones include hip dysplasia, a condition where the hip joint forms abnormally, leading to progressive joint damage, and patellar luxation, where the kneecap dislocates or moves out of its normal position.
Treatment options vary from weight management and physical therapy to surgical interventions, depending on severity.
Specialist veterinarian check-ups can help detect these issues early, ensuring timely and effective treatment.
Hip Dysplasia
Hip dysplasia is a common skeletal condition often seen in larger dog breeds, but it can also affect smaller breeds like cavaliers.
It’s characterized by an abnormal formation of the hip joint, where the ball (femoral head) and socket (acetabulum) do not fit together perfectly.
This malformation can lead to progressive joint damage, resulting in pain, inflammation, and decreased mobility.
Causes and Risk Factors
Hip dysplasia is primarily a hereditary condition, which means it is passed down from parents to offspring.
Other factors can also contribute to the development of hip dysplasia, including:
- Rapid weight gain or obesity
- Nutritional factors
- Inappropriate or excessive exercise, particularly in puppies during their rapid growth phase
Signs and Symptoms
The signs of hip dysplasia can vary depending on the severity of the condition and the level of inflammation and arthritis in the hip joint.
Symptoms may include:
- Difficulty getting up, climbing stairs, or jumping
- Limping or favoring one hind leg
- Decreased activity or reluctance to run and jump
- Pain in hip joints
- Loss of thigh muscle mass
- Noticeable enlargement of the shoulder muscles as they compensate for the hind end
Diagnosis and Treatment Options
Diagnosis of hip dysplasia is typically made through a combination of physical examinations and X-rays. Your vet will assess your dog’s gait and may also perform a physical exam to check for discomfort or reduced range of motion in the hips.
Treatment options for hip dysplasia depend on the severity of the condition and the dog’s overall health and age.
Options can include:
- Weight management to reduce stress on the joints
- Physical therapy and controlled exercise
- Pain management using nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) or other pain relief medications
- Joint supplements such as glucosamine and chondroitin
- In severe cases, surgical options such as a total hip replacement may be considered
Remember to always consult with a veterinary professional for accurate diagnosis and treatment options.
Patellar Luxation
Patellar luxation, also known as a slipped kneecap, is a common orthopedic condition in dogs, particularly small breeds like the Cavalier King Charles Spaniel.
It occurs when the dog’s kneecap (patella) dislocates or moves out of its normal position in the femoral groove of the knee.
Causes and Risk Factors
Patellar luxation is a hereditary condition in cavaliers, but it can also be caused by trauma or injury.
Certain structural abnormalities, such as a shallow femoral groove, can make a dog more prone to this condition.
Signs and Symptoms
Symptoms of patellar luxation vary depending on the severity of the condition. It may include intermittent lameness, where the dog skips or hops on one leg, or in severe cases, the dog may not be able to use the affected leg.
Some dogs with patellar luxation may also display signs of discomfort or pain, especially after exercise.
Diagnosis and Treatment Options
Patellar luxation is usually diagnosed through a combination of physical examination and X-rays.
The veterinarian will assess the range of motion in the dog’s knee and may be able to feel the dislocated kneecap.
Treatment options depend on the severity of the luxation and the impact on the dog’s quality of life.
- In mild cases, weight management and exercise control may be enough to manage the condition. Pain relief medication can also be used if necessary.
- In more severe cases or where the dog’s mobility and quality of life are significantly impacted, surgery may be recommended.
It’s important to remember that each dog is unique, and treatment should always be tailored to the individual animal’s needs and circumstances.
Eye-Related Health Concerns
Dogs can face numerous health challenges, including eye disorders.
I will focus specifically on the eye disorders that can affect the Cavalier King Charles Spaniel, though many of these conditions can impact various other breeds as well.
Here is an overview of conditions like cataracts, retinal dysplasia, and more, including their causes, symptoms, and treatment options.
This knowledge is crucial for early detection and effective treatment, and for new cavalier owners to know the possible risks.
Cavalier Eye Disorder Chart
| Eye Disorder | Definition and Overview | Causes and Risk Factors | Signs and Symptoms | Diagnosis and Treatment Options |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Cataracts | An opacity in the lens of the eye, leads to impaired vision or blindness. | Age, genetics, diabetes, injury to the eye. | Cloudy, blurred vision, difficulty with night vision. | Diagnosis by veterinary examination, and treatment typically involves surgical removal of the cataract. |
| Retinal Dysplasia | An abnormal development of the retina, can be focal (in one area) or geographically spread. | Genetic predisposition, infection in utero. | Variable, depending on severity: blind spots to total blindness. | Diagnosed by retinal examination, no specific treatment. |
| Distichiasis | A condition where extra eyelashes grow from the eyelid margin, often causing irritation to the eye. | Usually inherited, some breeds are predisposed. | Eye irritation, excessive blinking, tearing, redness. | Diagnosis by eye examination, treatment usually involves surgical removal of the extra lashes. |
| Trichiasis | Inward turning of eyelashes towards the eye, leading to irritation and possible damage to the cornea. | Can be congenital or due to injury or infection. | Squinting, excessive tearing, redness, corneal ulcers. | Diagnosis by eye examination, and treatment may involve surgical correction. |
| Glaucoma | A group of eye conditions leading to optic nerve damage, often due to high pressure within the eye. | Genetics, age, inflammation, tumors or trauma to the eye. | Redness, pain, loss of vision, dilated pupil, cloudiness. | Diagnosis by eye examination including intraocular pressure measurement, treatment can involve medication to decrease eye pressure or surgery. |
| Entropion | A condition where the eyelid rolls inward, causing the eyelashes to rub against the cornea. | Mostly hereditary, some breeds are more susceptible. | Eye irritation, excessive tearing, squinting, corneal damage. | Diagnosis by eye examination, and treatment typically involves surgical correction. |
| Corneal Dystrophy | A group of genetic, often bilateral, non-inflammatory eye disorders characterized by abnormal deposits in the cornea. | Typically inherited, tends to occur in specific breeds. | Variable, may see spots or opacities in the cornea, vision generally remains normal. | Diagnosis through veterinary eye examination, no specific treatment. |
Many of these eye disorders are quite common in cavaliers, distichiasis being one of them. My cavalier Haiku has been diagnosed with this disease so I’ve written a more in-depth article about distichiasis.
Obesity in Cavaliers: An Overlooked Problem
Obesity is a significant health concern in cavalier king charles spaniels, as with other breeds these days. Carrying excess weight can lead to numerous health issues and exacerbate existing ones.
It’s a common misconception to think that cavaliers are lazy couch potatoes. Cavaliers are companion dogs that enjoy all activities with people. So if you are used to taking it easy on the couch, your cavalier will gladly join you.
Cavaliers also tend to have a big appetite and know it’s hard to say no to the big pleading eyes. We humans show affection through sharing and providing food for others, and we often forget that food and treats are just resources for dogs.
Maintaining a healthy weight through a balanced diet and regular exercise is crucial for a cavalier’s overall health. Regular vet check-ups can help monitor your dog’s weight and address any concerns early.
The Health Risks Associated with Obesity
Here are some of the main health risks associated with obesity in cavaliers:
- Heart Disease: Obesity can increase the risk of heart disease, a major concern given that Cavaliers are already predisposed to conditions such as Mitral Valve Disease.
- Joint Issues: Extra weight puts additional strain on the dog’s joints, leading to problems like hip dysplasia and patellar luxation. Obesity can also worsen the symptoms of arthritis, causing discomfort and limiting mobility.
- Respiratory Distress: Excess weight can impair a dog’s respiratory function, making it harder for them to breathe and exercise.
- Reduced Lifespan: Several studies have shown that obesity can reduce a dog’s lifespan. The extra strain on the dog’s body and the increased risk of various diseases can contribute to a shorter life.
- Diminished Quality of Life: An obese Cavalier may have difficulty performing basic activities, like walking, playing, or grooming. This can lead to a reduction in their overall quality of life.
- Increased Risk of Other Diseases: Obesity can increase the risk of numerous other health issues, including liver disease, diabetes, and certain types of cancer.
Dental Health Concerns
Small dog breeds, including Cavalier King Charles Spaniels, are often more prone to dental problems due to the nature of their physical attributes and genetics.
One of the main issues is the size and shape of their mouths. These breeds have small jaws, but they still have almost the same number of teeth as larger breeds.
This can lead to overcrowding of teeth in a small space, making it challenging for owners to clean their dogs’ teeth effectively.
Overcrowding also creates tight spaces where food particles can become trapped, promoting bacterial growth, and plaque formation, and eventually leading to periodontal disease.
Common Dental Issues in Cavaliers
Periodontal Disease: This is a common dental problem where plaque buildup leads to inflammation and infection of the gums and, if left untreated, can result in tooth loss.
Dental Crowding: Due to their smaller jaws, Cavaliers can experience overcrowded teeth. This can lead to difficulty in maintaining oral hygiene and increase the risk of periodontal disease.
Tooth Decay: Just like in humans, dogs can also experience tooth decay, often as a result of a high-sugar diet or poor oral hygiene.
Importance of Regular Check-ups
Regular veterinary checkups are essential for Cavalier King Charles Spaniels due to their predisposition to various health issues, including heart diseases, neurological disorders, and dental problems.
Regular checkups allow for early detection of these conditions, leading to more effective management or treatment and improved prognosis.
Moreover, these visits provide an opportunity for preventative care measures like vaccinations, parasite prevention, and dental cleanings.
Veterinarians can also offer advice on diet, exercise, and general care tailored to the breed’s specific needs. Regular vet visits are a crucial aspect of ensuring a high quality of life for cavaliers.
Conclusion
In conclusion, owning a Cavalier King Charles Spaniel can be an absolute delight, with their loyal, friendly, and affectionate nature making them perfect family pets. However, it’s very important to be aware of the various hereditary health concerns associated with this breed.
From heart conditions such as Mitral Valve Disease to neurological issues like Chiari-like malformation and Syringomyelia, or eye disorders such as Dry Eye Syndrome, it’s important to understand the signs and symptoms of these conditions for early detection and treatment. Certain diseases can even be detected through DNA testing, helping breeders make responsible choices.
While these health concerns may seem daunting, being equipped with this knowledge allows you to provide the best possible care for your cavalier. Regular veterinary check-ups, a balanced diet, and a good exercise regimen go a long way in maintaining your pet’s health.
Remember, despite these health challenges, cavaliers are resilient and can lead full, happy lives with the right care. The joy and companionship they offer far outweigh the challenges, making the journey of caring for a Cavalier King Charles Spaniel truly rewarding.
